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Healthy lifestyle promotion from the perspective of state policy, journalism, healthcare, sociology, and psychology was analyzed. The objective of the study was to analyze changes in the financial and agitation state policy aimed at increasing the motivational activity of citizens of the Russian Federation towards a healthy lifestyle (HLS) in the Soviet era and at the post-Soviet stage and assess the effectiveness of these measures. The effectiveness of the Soviet propaganda of healthy lifestyles among the population was evaluated. Crisis phenomena in public health, low persuasiveness of the media presentation of the healthy lifestyle value, the COVID-19 pandemic, difficulties in implementing corporate health promotion programs in the workplace at individual en-terprises, and ignoring gender stereotypes in attitudes to health are the reasons that contribute to the adherence of Russian workers to unhealthy behaviors, that cause an increase in the incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases. The historical aspect of changes in state policy for health promotion made it possible to determine the tasks in developing health-saving programs.Copyright © 2023, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
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Objective. To study the course of the new coronavirus infection in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), to identify cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of COVID-19 infection, and to access the impact of renal function on prognosis in these categories of patients during the acute phase and after hospitalization, at 3, 6, and 12 months after recovery. Materials and methods. The ACTIV and ACTIV 2 registries included men and women older than 18 years with a diagnosis of COVID-19 based on a positive PCR test for COVID-19 and a characteristic chest X-ray or computed tomography chest scan. Results. A total of 9364 patients (4404 men, average age59 [48-69]) were included in the analysis. 716 (7.67 %) patients had CKD. 8496 (90,7 %) patients had their glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured during hospitalization, and the values were distributed as follows: >=90 ml/min/1.73m2 - in 4289 (50,5 %) patients, 89-60 ml/min/1.73m2 - in 3150 (37,1 %) patients, 59-45 ml/min/1.73m2 - in 613 (7,22 %), 44-30 ml/min/1.73m2 - in 253 (2,98 %), 29-15 ml/min/1.73m2 - in 110 (1,29 %), <15 ml/min/1.73m2 - in 81 (0,95 %) patients. 11.6 % of the subjects (n=1068) developed AKI during hospitalization. This complication was reported more often than cytokine storm (in 7.46 % in 687 patients, p<0,001) or sepsis (in 0.17 % in 16 patients, p=620). CKD increased the risk of death by 3.94-fold in patients with COVID-19 during hospitalization compared with patients without CKD. The mortality of patients with AKI during hospitalization was 3.94 times higher than the mortality of those without AKI. CKD also affected long-term survival after hospitalization: within 3 months of follow-up, the risk of death in patients with CKD increased 4.88-fold, within 6 months - 4.24-fold, after 12 months - 8.36-fold. Conclusion. The prevalence of CKD in COVID-19 patients is similar to that in the general population. AKI developed in 11.6 % of cases with COVID-19 infection and was observed more frequently in patients with overweight and hyperglycemia. CKD and AKI increased the risk of hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19. In the group of patients with CKD, mortality increased in the post-COVID period, 3, 6 and 12 months after. The high mortality rate of patients who had AKI during the coronavirus infection was observed only in the first 3 months of follow-up in the post-COVID period.Copyright © 2023 The authors.
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The COVID-19 crisis has severely hampered the worldwide market, leading to several issues in the supply chain of several necessities, but a considerable increase in the healthcare sector for the pharmaceutical industry. Using machine learning, this research aims to comprehend and forecast pharmaceutical sector sales post-COVID-19. This paper analyzed the major non-communicable diseases and the pharmaceuticals used to treat them, discovered and determined the most significant factors, and utilized them to construct appropriate models for the study. An online survey was performed among Indian families using a structured questionnaire, including both open-ended and closed-ended questions on the family's health. Prior to and during the lockdown, information on non-communicable diseases and the usage of medications was gathered. Our results suggest that the unanticipated transformation in lifestyle has altered disease prevalence, which is a consideration for the pharmaceutical sector to address. And these models helped to figure out how disease levels were changing and how likely it was that the number of people with certain diseases would go up based on their symptoms. This gave a better idea of how to treat the patients. © 2023 IEEE.
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Four broad themes run through this year's N'Galy-Mann lecture: clinical medicine, HIV, health security, and global health. Three patterns of disease characterized medicine in East Africa at the time that AIDS was first described in the United States: diseases of poverty, mainly infectious;non-communicable diseases with differing international epidemiology;and classic tropical diseases restricted in distribution by ecologic needs of parasites and vectors. Limited resources did not prevent the practice of good medicine under adverse circumstances, nor application of basic principles of research. The recognition of a second AIDS virus (HIV-2) in West Africa in the mid-late 1980s required applied research to assess implications and potential global impact of this novel infection. CDC established a second collaborative research site in sub-Saharan Africa, Projet RETRO-CI, in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire (the first was Projet SIDA in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where N'Galy and Mann made seminal contributions). Controversy around HIV-2 diagnosis, transmission, and pathogenicity was slowly resolved through West African research showing HIV-2 was an AIDS-causing pathogen, slower than HIV-1 in its progression, and less transmissible until late in the course of infection. Mother-to-child transmission was exceptionally rare. Claims that HIV-2 protected against HIV-1 were not substantiated. Projet RETRO-CI clarified the spectrum of HIVassociated disease and the dominant role of tuberculosis. Placebo-controlled trials demonstrated efficacy of short-course zidovudine for prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV-1, and of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in reducing hospitalization and mortality in persons with HIV. Global health today is dominated by discourse around health security. The West African and Congolese Ebola epidemics since 2014 aroused strong declarations, yet the world was poorly prepared to address the pandemic of COVID-19. Health in the world has changed substantially since AIDS emerged. As 2030, the year for delivery on the Sustainable Development Goals, approaches, development assistance for health remains essential to address traditional, unfinished commitments yet does not match today's global burden of disease. CROI attendees are encouraged to remember colleagues lost to COVID-19 and other challenges;to assess priorities in today's global health, including relating to HIV;and to reflect on what issues? N'Galy and Mann would focus on today.
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IoT seems to be the trending solution in all sectors notably because of the yield in productivity, efficiency, effective strategies, and results that are associated with adapting to this technology. These positive results are enormously experienced in one of the crucial sectors which determine and ensure the prolonged healthy life expectancy of mankind. It is well noted that a lot of work has been done on this topic in Academia and Corporate field all over the world but this paper will present a selective review that has been done so far by the Academic world as a scholarly article and a resource for the Health Sector in Fiji to earnestly integrate smart technologies in its architecture. © 2022 IEEE.
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Biomarker detection has attracted increasing interest in recent years due to the minimally or non-invasive sampling process. Single entity analysis of biomarkers is expected to provide real-time and accurate biological information for early disease diagnosis and prognosis, which is critical to the effective disease treatment and is also important in personalized medicine. As an innovative single entity analysis method, nanopore sensing is a pioneering single-molecule detection technique that is widely used in analytical bioanalytical fields. In this review, we overview the recent progress of nanopore biomarker detection as new approaches to disease diagnosis. In highlighted studies, nanopore was focusing on detecting biomarkers of different categories of communicable and noncommunicable diseases, such as pandemic COVID-19, AIDS, cancers, neurologic diseases, etc. Various sensitive and selective nanopore detecting strategies for different types of biomarkers are summarized. In addition, the challenges, opportunities, and direction for future development of nanopore-based biomarker sensors are also discussed.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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Introduction: The utilization of health services is an opportunity for using health services by the needy. Since COVID-19 can have significant effects on all life dimensions, including the utilization patterns, especially in patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), this study aimed to determine and compare the extent of utilizing health services by individuals with and without NCDs in the Shahrekord cohort study before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 760 patients of the age group of 35-70 years in the Shahrekord cohort study, which addressed the urban areas of Shahrekord and the rural regions of Ardel city during two separate periods. For all patients, the questionnaire on benefiting from health services was completed. The data was collected using the telephone interview method and then analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age was 44.95±8.65 years in the patients without NCDs and 53.38±8.60 years in those with NCDs(p<0.001). The rates of medical service reception in those without common NCDs before and during the corona epidemic were 3.2% and 15.3%, respectively. In those with common NCDs, the rates were 7.1% and 27.1%, respectively (p<0.001). During the coronavirus epidemic, the average duration of receiving service, duration of service, paid fee, and the frequency of receiving service were longer in the participants with chronic NCDs (P<0.001).Conclusion: The reception of medical services and outpatient services in the two groups of patients with and without NCDs during the coronavirus pandemic increased compared to the pre-pandemic period. This point should be considered as a lesson learned from the epidemic by the health system policymakers and planners to lay the grounds for providing care services, especially for chronic patients during epidemics. © 2022, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, governments around the world have adopted an array of measures intended to control the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, using both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). NPIs are public health interventions that do not rely on vaccines or medicines and include policies such as lockdowns, stay-at-home orders, school closures, and travel restrictions. Although the intention was to slow viral transmission, emerging research indicates that these NPIs have also had unintended consequences for other aspects of public health. Hence, we conducted a narrative review of studies investigating these unintended consequences of NPIs, with a particular emphasis on mental health and on lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD): physical activity (PA), overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking. We reviewed the scientific literature using combinations of search terms such as 'COVID-19', 'pandemic', 'lockdowns', 'mental health', 'physical activity', and 'obesity'. NPIs were found to have considerable adverse consequences for mental health, physical activity, and overweight and obesity. The impacts on alcohol and tobacco consumption varied greatly within and between studies. The variability in consequences for different groups implies increased health inequalities by age, sex/gender, socioeconomic status, pre-existing lifestyle, and place of residence. In conclusion, a proper assessment of the use of NPIs in attempts to control the spread of the pandemic should be weighed against the potential adverse impacts on other aspects of public health. Our findings should also be of relevance for future pandemic preparedness and pandemic response teams.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Population Health , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Communicable Disease Control , Overweight/epidemiology , Pandemics/prevention & control , Obesity/epidemiologyABSTRACT
People impacted by disasters may have adverse non-communicable disease health effects associated with the disaster. This research examined the independent and joint impacts of federally declared disasters on the diagnosis of hypertension (HTN), diabetes (DM), anxiety, and medication changes 6 months before and after a disaster. Patients seen in zip codes that received a federal disaster declaration for Hurricanes Gustave or Ike in 2008 and who had electronic health records captured by MarketScan® were analyzed. The analysis included patients seen 6 months before or after Hurricanes Gustav and Ike in 2008 and who were diagnosed with HTN, DM, or anxiety. There was a statistically significant association between post-disaster and diagnosis of hypertension, X2 (1, n = 19,328) = 3.985, p = 0.04. There was no association post-disaster and diabetes X2 (1, n = 19,328) = 0.778, p = 0.378 or anxiety, X2 (1, n = 19,328) = 0.017, p = 0.898. The research showed that there was a change in the diagnosis of HTN after a disaster. Changes in HTN are an additional important consideration for clinicians in disaster-prone areas. Data about non-communicable diseases help healthcare disaster planners to include primary care needs and providers in the plans to prevent the long-term health impacts of disasters and expedite recovery efforts.
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Cyclonic Storms , Diabetes Mellitus , Disaster Planning , Disasters , Noncommunicable Diseases , Humans , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
Introduction: The respiratory tract infections (RTIs), including pneumonia, influenza and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), are the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide, contributing to elevated healthcare and societal costs. There is conflicting evidences about the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) on the susceptibility of RTIs. Method(s): Systematic review of interventional and observational studies that reported use of ACEI or/and ARB on incidence of pneumonia or influenza or COVID-19. Searching was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), including the Cochrane Library until April 2022, and references of retrieved relevant articles. We assessed the quality of included studies by using Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool for Randomized Controlled Trials and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. DerSimonian Laird random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to pool effects for the incidence of pneumonia, influenza and COVID-19. Subgroup analyses were carried according to baseline morbidities (hypertension or cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other non-communicable diseases). Pooled estimates of odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I2 metrics, with two tailed P values. Result(s): 73 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 38 studies assessed the odds of pneumonia, 32 studies assessed Covid-19 and 3 studies assessed influenza. The quality of included studies was moderate. Use of ACEIs was associated with a significantly reduced odds of pneumonia (23 studies: OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.85;I2=76.8%), of COVID-19 (24 studies: OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.92;I2=81.9%) and influenza (3 studies: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98, I2=97.7%), compared with control treatment. Use of ARBs was also associated with reduced odds of COVID-19 (25 studies: OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.97;I2=91.9%), but not with odds of pneumonia or influenza. These findings remain consistent in the community population, patients with history of cerebrovascular diseases or cardiovascular diseases, but not in those with CKD, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Conclusion(s): The current evidence favours a putative protective role of ACEIs, not ARB in odds of pneumonia, COVID-19 and influenza. Patient populations that may benefit most are those within the community, history of cerebrovascular diseases and cardiovascular diseases. No conflict of interestCopyright © 2023
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The clinical case describes the difficulties of differential diagnosis of polyneuropathy that developed, after Gam-Covid-Vac vaccination on the background, of combined, infectious pathology (HIV infection, tick-borne borreliosis, COVID-19) in a young woman. It is shown that various infectious and noninfectious diseases with similar clinical symptoms (peripheral nervous system, affliction.) occurring simultaneously in one patient can significantly affect each other's course and. complicate the establishment of the true cause of polyneuropathy. It should, be noted, that in this example, the establishment of a final diagnosis was carried out collectively, by consensus, and. was based, on the effectiveness of etiotropic (antibacterial) treatment, which in fact was an exjuvantibus therapy option, which made it possible to establish the most probable etiology of polyneuropathy -tick-borne borreliosis. In turn, HIV infection and. possibly vaccination, according to the authors, could, cause immunosuppression, which, affected, the degree of dissemination, of Borrelia burgdorferi. It is also likely that the insufficient immune response in combination. with the cascade plasma filtration session affected the initial dubious results of the serological tests, which further complicated. the diagnosis.Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.
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The clinical case describes the difficulties of differential diagnosis of polyneuropathy that developed, after Gam-Covid-Vac vaccination on the background, of combined, infectious pathology (HIV infection, tick-borne borreliosis, COVID-19) in a young woman. It is shown that various infectious and noninfectious diseases with similar clinical symptoms (peripheral nervous system, affliction.) occurring simultaneously in one patient can significantly affect each other's course and. complicate the establishment of the true cause of polyneuropathy. It should, be noted, that in this example, the establishment of a final diagnosis was carried out collectively, by consensus, and. was based, on the effectiveness of etiotropic (antibacterial) treatment, which in fact was an exjuvantibus therapy option, which made it possible to establish the most probable etiology of polyneuropathy -tick-borne borreliosis. In turn, HIV infection and. possibly vaccination, according to the authors, could, cause immunosuppression, which, affected, the degree of dissemination, of Borrelia burgdorferi. It is also likely that the insufficient immune response in combination. with the cascade plasma filtration session affected the initial dubious results of the serological tests, which further complicated. the diagnosis.Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines (EM) for all is one of the World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals for health. However, access to EM for the treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is lacking in many low-income (LICs) and lower-middle income countries (LMICs). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often a downstream consequence of other NCDs, such as diabetes (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), further exacerbating the economic burden on healthcare systems and societies. In nephrology, access to EM is especially important to reduce the risk of CKD progression because kidney replacement therapy is unavailable or cost-prohibitive in many regions of the world. As members of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) Emerging Leaders Program 2021 cohort, we conducted a scoping review to assess the breadth of evidence regarding EMs for management of CKD and related NCDs, with identification of barriers to EM access as one of our main aims. Method(s): We included English-language articles of any study design that addressed barriers to accessing essential medicines in populations with CKD (all stages, causes, and ages), CVD, hypertension, and/or DM. All ISN geographical regions and World Bank income categories were considered. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to May 2021. Titles and abstracts were screened, and full texts were retrieved for potentially relevant publications. Each full-text article was assessed for inclusion. For included articles, data extraction was performed with a standardized form using Covidence software. Each step was performed by one reviewer and checked by a 2nd reviewer. Applying an ecological model, barriers were categorized as occurring at the national/health policy level, regional level, organization level, provider level, or patient level. Result(s): Ninety-six publications addressed barriers to access to essential medicines, including LICs (16 articles), LMICs (43 articles), upper-middle income countries (25 articles), high-income countries (10 articles), plus 21 articles which did not specify countries. Most publications assessed barriers at the health policy-level, which included high EM prices in the setting of current patent laws;lack of effective systems for public procurement of EM, resulting in large out-of-pocket household expenditure for medicines in LIC/LMIC;inefficient distribution systems with multiple price mark-ups;and lack of regulatory systems, giving rise to counterfeit medications. Regional-level barriers included lack of governance of supply chain logistics, lack of regional coordination, and poor transportation infrastructure, especially in rural settings. Organization-level barriers included medication stock-outs at facilities, and health care worker shortages. Provider-level barriers included irrational prescribing, lack of CKD identification, and poor communication with patients. Patient-level barriers included poverty, informational barriers/health literacy, and negative perception of generic medicines (Figure). [Formula presented] Conclusion(s): Barriers to accessing EM exist at several levels, particularly the health system-level, and affect LICs and LMICs disproportionately. This scoping review serves as an initial step towards designing implementation studies to address barriers to improve EM access. Conflict of interest Potential conflict of interest: MMMY has a consultancy agreement with George Clinical and served on a CKD advisory board sponsored by AstraZenecaCopyright © 2023
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Background: COVID-19 debilitated communities globally in varying complexities and capacities in recent months. Objective(s): The epigenetic changes in the COVID-19 patients were discussed in this article to explore various processes contributing to disease severity and elevation of risk due to infection. Method(s): Percentages of hospitalization, with and without intensive care, in the presence of diseases with increased ACE2 expression, were compared, based on the best available data. Further analysis compared two different age groups, 19-64 and >=65 years of age. Result & Conclusion(s): The COVID-19 disease is observed to be the most severe in the 65 and-higher-age group with pre-existing chronic conditions. This observational study is a nonexperimental empirical investigation of the outcomes of COVID-19 in different patient groups. Results are promising for conducting clinical trials with intervention groups. To ultimately succeed in disease prevention, researchers and clinicians must integrate epigenetic mechanisms to generate valid prescriptions for global well-being.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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Introduction: The utilization of health services is an opportunity for using health services by the needy. Since COVID-19 can have significant effects on all life dimensions, including the utilization patterns, especially in patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), this study aimed to determine and compare the extent of utilizing health services by individuals with and without NCDs in the Shahrekord cohort study before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material(s) and Method(s): The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 760 patients of the age group of 35-70 years in the Shahrekord cohort study, which addressed the urban areas of Shahrekord and the rural regions of Ardel city during two separate periods. For all patients, the questionnaire on benefiting from health services was completed. The data was collected using the telephone interview method and then analyzed using SPSS software. Result(s): The mean and standard deviation of the age was 44.95+/-8.65 years in the patients without NCDs and 53.38+/-8.60 years in those with NCDs(p<0.001). The rates of medical service reception in those without common NCDs before and during the corona epidemic were 3.2% and 15.3%, respectively. In those with common NCDs, the rates were 7.1% and 27.1%, respectively (p<0.001). During the coronavirus epidemic, the average duration of receiving service, duration of service, paid fee, and the frequency of receiving service were longer in the participants with chronic NCDs (P<0.001). Conclusion(s): The reception of medical services and outpatient services in the two groups of patients with and without NCDs during the coronavirus pandemic increased compared to the pre-pandemic period. This point should be considered as a lesson learned from the epidemic by the health system policymakers and planners to lay the grounds for providing care services, especially for chronic patients during epidemics.Copyright © 2022, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Aim: We aim to determine the effect of the pandemic on the characteristics of health utilization of non-COVID 19 people. Method(s): Quantitative research was conducted on those who applied to two family health centers (n=200) and Gazi Hospital (n=210) in Ankara. Qualitative research was conducted on health workers or managers from primary care (PC) and tertiary care (TC) (Gazi and Gulhane hospital) and consultants of the Ministry of Health. We also used the health records of Gazi hospital. Result(s): Making an appointment is the most common problem faced by people applying for both PC (19,0%) and TC (32,9%) during the pandemic. The follow-up percentages for PC and TC during the pandemic were 60%-56.3% in DM, 54.2%-54.9% in hypertension, 28.6%-46.2% in COPD, and 16.7%-48.5% in mental health problems, respectively. For all diseases investigated, these percentages were above 80% before the pandemic. During the pandemic period, a sharp decrease between 5% and 85% was observed in outpatients and inpatients due to DM, HT and COPD in Gazi hospital. Participants of the qualitative study stated that delayed admission to the health institution causes more complicated case diagnoses. According to health workers, the groups most affected by the lack of access to healthcare services are demographic group elderly patients and medical group cancer patients. It was emphasized that PC plays an important role in the continuity of health services. Conclusion(s): In the short term, it may be suggested to develop informative materials about conditions that require urgent treatment and follow-up processes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) during the pandemic. Interruptions in NCDs follow-up and treatment may create the potential for increased morbidity and mortality. Countries should make their plans considering the long-term effects of pandemic on the health system. The pandemic has revealed the importance of PC for accessible and sustainable health care. ©Copyright 2023 by Gazi University Medical Faculty.